iRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Ciiap..L.^i!5 Copyright M, 

ShellLZiiiJ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



SCHOOL LAW 



FOR 



Minnesota Teachers 



BY C. W. G. HYDE, 
Assistant State Superintendeyit of Public Instruction. 






V - 






ST. PAUL, MIHN. / ^ 

1896. 



/^' 






Copyright 1896. 

BY 

C. W. G. Hyde. 



PREFACE. 



This little book is designed to give such informa- 
tion respecting the laws of Minnesota relating to the 
schools as must be possessed by eyery intelligent 
teacher. 

The exhaustive index at the end of the book will 
enable the learner to find readily any topic treated. 

Laws which haye no immediate relation to the 
teacher haye been omitted. Such are the laws re- 
lating to formation of new districts, change of 
boundaries, change of sites etc. 

The statutes of 1894 are referred to as authority 
in most cases where the law is stated, thus: (1894, 
§ 3648.) In a few cases, the published yolume of 
laws for a giyen year is referred to thus: (1895, 
chapter 191.) The date of each ruling of the attor- 
ney general (A. G-.) and of the superintendent of pub- 
lic instruction (S. P. I.) is giyen, so that the rulings 
may be read entire by any so disposed and who haye 
access to them. ' 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Chapter I. The Public Schools Section 1 » 

Chapter 11. State High Schools Section 22 

Chapter III. The State University Section 27 

Chapter IV. Teachers Section 29 

Chapter V. Teachers' Certificates .... Section 42 

Chapter VI. Education of Teachers . . .Section 52 

Chapter VII. Free Text-Books Section 61 

Chapter VIII. Libraries : Dictionaries . . Section 63 

Chapter IX. School Funds Section 67 

Chapter X. Miscellaneous Section 76 

Index follows Chapter X. 



SCHOOL LAW 



MINNESOTA TEACHERS. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

1. Defined. — All schools supported, Avholly or in 
part, by state school funds shall be st\ded the public 
schools, and admission to them shall be free and 
without charge to all persons between the ages of 
five and twenty-one years residing in the district. 
(1894, § 3648.) 

2. Classes. — School districts are classified as: 

1. Common school districts. 

2. Independent school districts. 

3. Special school districts. (Id., § 3649.) 

3. Special Districts are those organized under 
special laws. In some communities the people wish 
to organize school districts in such a way as to confer 
special i)owers or impose special restrictions on the 
people or the school board, i. e., powers and restrict 
tions not found in the general school law. Until 
1892 a special law might be passed by the legislature, 
proyiding for the organization and management of 
the schools of a particular city, yillage or com- 
munity. The city of St. Paul constitutes a special 



6 INDEPENDENT DISTRICTS. 

school district, i. e., a district organized under a spe- 
cial law. The same is true of Minneapolis, Duluth 
and several other cities, as well as of a few smaller 
places, as Brown syille, Heron Lake etc. There are 
thirty-eight special districts in the state. It is im- 
possible to make a complete general statement of 
what the law is for special districts, as it varies for 
each district. The general school law applies, how- 
ever, in any given district when not inconsistent with 
the provisions of the special law. A constitutional 
amendment, adopted Nov. 8, 1892, prohibits the far- 
ther organization of special districts. 

4. Independent Districts differ from special dis- 
tricts in being organized under a general law instead 
of special laws. They differ from common school 
districts mainly in being governed by a school board 
having greater power. In a common school district, 
the executive power is vested in a "Board of Trus- 
tees" having three members, while in an independent 
district it is vested in a "Board of Education" hav- 
ing six members. This board of education has cer- 
tain legislative powers also, which in a common 
school district belong either to the teacher, as the 
making of rules for government and instruction, or 
to the people, as the levying of taxes for the support 
of the school. 

Independent districts are usually found in the 
smaller cities and in villages and populous rural com- 
munities, as the law provides that no such district 
shall be organized with less than 500 inhabitants 
outside of an incorporated city, town or village. 
(1894, § 3790.) 

5. The Board of Education in an independent 
district has six members, one of whom is chosen 
president, another clerk, and a third treasurer. The 
principal powers and duties of the board are: 

1. To establish such grades of schools as they 
may deem expedient. 



BOARD OF EXAMINEES. 7 

2. To provide rooms for school pur-poses; to pur- 
chase or erect schoolhouses and sites when author- 
ized by a vote of the district; to purchase apparatus, 
furniture, and fuel; to procure insurance and make 
ordinary repairs on district property. 

3. To contract with, pay and discharge teachers. 

4. To make rules for the organization, govern- 
ment and instruction of the schools, for the recep- 
tion, suspension, and discharge of pupils and for the 
protection of district property; to prescribe text- 
books and a course of study and to visit each school 
in the district not less than once in three months. 

5. To vote taxes for paying the debts of the dis- 
trict and for the necessary expenses of the schools 
and to keep the schools in operation not less than 
twenty nor more than forty-four weeks in each year. 
(1894, §§ 3794, 3808.) 

6. Superintendent. — The board of education in 
an independent district may elect a superintendent 
who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the 
board and' receive such compensation as shall be 
fixed by the board. He is ex-o£flcio a member of, but 
not entitled to vote with, the board. It is usual to 
employ as superintendent a teacher of eminent quali- 
fications, who deA'otes all or part of his time to the 
supervision of the schools, hearing some recitations 
if the number of teachers is small. The yearly sal- 
aries of superintendents in independent districts 
vary from |540 to |1,500. Sometimes a citizen of 
the district not a teacher is employed as superintend- 
ent at a nominal salary. (1894, § 3796.) 

7. Board of Examiners. — The board of educa- 
tion is required to appoint three examiners, whose 
duty it is to examine persons proposing to teach in 
the district, and to issue certificates to them if found 
qualified. Such certificates are valid only in the 
district where issued. The county superintendent 
of schools may examine applicants and issue certifi- 



8 INDEPENDENT DISTRICTS. 

cates at the request of the board of examiners, and 
such certificates are valid in the district only when 
countersigned by said board. The examiners may 
at any time annul such certificates, "and when so an- 
nulled and reported to the board of education the 
person holding the same shall be discharged as 
teacher." "To teach and draw money legally, the 
principal and all other teachers must hold certifi- 
cates." * * * (A. G., Oct. 15, 1884.) A state 
certificate or a normal school diploma, properly ap- 
proved or indorsed (see Chapter V., Teachers' Certifl- 
^ cates) is a valid license to teach (that is, it legalizes 
a teacher's contract) in an independent as well as in 
a special or a common school district. A board of 
education may, however, decline to hire the holder of 
a state certificate or of a normal school diploma un- 
less such holder will take the examination given by 
the board of examiners. The number of independent 
school districts in Minnesota was 131 in the year 
1891. The member^ of the board of examiners are 
required by law to "visit said schools as often as 
once in every three months." (1894, § 3810.) 

8. Rulings of the Attorney General and of the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction relating to in- 
dependent districts. 

1. A teacher may call a pupil to account for any 
conduct on the street or in any public place which 
is calculated to interfere with the discipline of the 
school. (S. P. I., Nov. 22, 1894.) 

2. Boards of examiners may, at their discretion, 
issue certificates limited in time or good until re- 
voked. The board may annul its certificates at any 
time, and may renew limited certificates from time 
to time without further examination. (S. P. I., May 
19, 1893.) 

3. The board of education may employ a teacher 
holding a state certificate, without the intervention 
of the board of examiners. (S. P. I., Dec. 6, 1893.) 



SCHOOL MEETINGS. 9 

4. The proAision of the general school law forbid- 
ding the making of a contract with a teacher who is 
related by blood or marriage to any member of the 
school board, save where such contract is concurred 
in bv all the members of such board, has application 
in independent districts. (A. G., May 27, 1893.) 

9. Common School Districts. — The board of trus- 
tees consists of three officers, a director, a treas- 
urer and a clerk, who are required by law to "visit 
the school at least once in every term." Any two of 
the board may make any contract which the board 
is authorized to make, except with a teacher who is 
related by blood or marriage to one of them. No 
contract, however, can be legally made without due 
notice to all of a meeting called for that purpose. 
The board must provide a school or schools in their 
district for the number of months in a year voted by 
the legal voters at school meetings, provided the 
legal voters vote sufficient funds. If the legal voters 
neglect to vote sufficient tax to support a school for 
the time (five months), in each year, necessary to 
secure apportionments from the state school funds 
(see Chapter IX., School Funds), it is the duty of the 
trustees to levy such tax. (1894, §§ 3678-3694.) There 
were 5,942 common school districts in Minnesota in 
1894. 

10. Scliool Meetings. — In common school districts 
an annual meeting of the legal voters (includ- 
ing women) is held on the third Saturday of July to 
elect one trustee, to determine the length of time for 
which school shall continue in the ensuing year, to 
vote sufficient tax for the support of such school and 
to transact such other business as may properly come 
before it. (1894, § 3677.) In independent districts 
the annual meeting is held at the same time, but the 
business at such meeting is usually restricted to the 
election of two officers to serve on the board of edu- 
cation, as the power to determine the length of 



10 COMMON SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 

scliool and to levy a tax for its support belongs to the 
board of education. 

11. Hiring Teachers. — The authority of the board 
of trustees to hire a teacher, before the annual 
school meeting, for the ensuing year, has been called 
in question on two grounds : First, that the per- 
sonnel of the board may be changed by the annual 
meeting; second, that the power to fix the time for 
which the teachers shall be hired belongs to the legal 
voters in scliool meeting. In answ^er to this it is to 
be said: First, that a majority of the board is likely 
to consist of the same persons after as before the 
annual meeting; second, that it is the duty of the 
board (see section 9) to provide for opening and con- 
tinuing school five months whether the people vote 
for it or not ; third, that the opportunity to engage a 
good teacher would often be lost if the matter were 
deferred to a time after the annual meeting. With 
all these considerations in view, it has been held 
"that trustees may, either before or after the annual 
meeting and without express authority from the dis- 
trict, contract for the term required by law (five 
months), and no more." (A. G^., Feb. 17, 1863 ; May, 
1870; July 13, 1880; Sept. 15, 1883.) 

Note. — A law as discussed in the remaining sections of 
this chapter and in Cbaptea-s IV., V. VI., VH., VIII., and X., 
applies, with a few exceptions which will be noted, to the three 
kinds of school districts, common, independent and special. 

12. Pupils. — The "school age" in Minnesota is 
from the fifth to the twenty-first birthday. Admis- 
sion to the public schools is free to all persons of 
school age residing in the district. "The board of 
education and board of trustees shall have sole power 
to admit the attendance of persons of the age of 
twxnt^-one years, or non-residents of their districts, 
upon payment of such rates of tuition as may be de- 
termined by the board." (1894, § 3697.) 

Boards of trustees and boards of education may, 



PUPILS. 11 

Lj a Tote of a majority of all the members, at any 
regular meeting, exclude children under six years of 
age. (Id., § 3698.) 

In common school districts the text-books and the 
instruction must be in the English language. Teach- 
ers are permitted, howeyer, to use a language that is 
the yernacular of any pupil to aid in teaching the 
meaning of English words, and may also gi^e in- 
struction in such language, not to exceed one hour 
each day, provided the trustees are unanimously in 
fayor thereof. (Id., § 3697.) 

Pupils may be suspended or expelled by school 
boards for three causes, insubordination, immorality, 
or infectious disease. (Id.) 

If any child of suitable age for attending the pub- 
lic schools is denied admission to any such school, 
or if any scholar is suspended or expelled from any 
such school without sufiflcient cause, or on account of 
color, social position, or nationality, the board by 
whose direction the oifense was committed shall for- 
feit and pay a fine of fifty dollars for each offense; 
and nothing in this act, or in any amendment of it, 
shall be so construed as to authorize any school 
trustees, board of education, or other school officer or 
authorities, to classify the scholars with reference to 
color, social position, or nationality, or to set apart 
the children so classified into separate schools with- 
out their consent and the consent of the parents or 
guardians of such children. And no town, city or 
school district which shall offend in this respect, or 
in which any child of suitable age shall be refused 
admission to any school in the proper locality or 
ward on account of color, social position or nation- 
ality, shall be entitled to any portion of the school 
funds of this state. (1894, § 3777.) 

13. Rulings of the Attorney General and the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, relating to 
pupils. 



12 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 

1. The right to attend a public school does not 
depend on citizenship or nationality. (S. P. I., Jan. 
16, 1893.) 

2. The payment of taxes in a district does not 
confer the right to free tuition on a non-resident. 
(Id., Nov. 2, 1893.) 

3. A teacher may, if necessary, detain a pupil 
after the expiration of the regular school hours, even 
against the wishes of the parents, but should be care- 
ful to do so only for the best of reasons. (Id., April 
10, 1893.) 

4. A pupil whose irregular attendance is unques- 
tionably a case of insubordination may, if incor- 
rigible, be expelled by the school board. (Id., Jan. 
13, 1894.) 

5. A pupil may be suspended for insubordinate 
conduct at eyening school exercises. (Id., March 3, 
1894.) 

f). Pupils cannot be excluded from school on ac- 
count of not haying been yaccinated (A. G-., Dec. 13, 
1890); but teachers must not admit to the school any 
child residing in a house where scarlet feyer, diph- 
theria, smaU-pox, or any dangerous, infectious, or 
contagious disease exists. (1894, § 7070.) 

7. The right of children to attend school in a dis- 
trict depends upon their own and not their parents' 
residence. (A. G., Feb. 2, 1867.) If, however, they are 
staying in the district during the sessions of school 
for the sole and only purpose of attending the school, 
tuition may be required or they may be excluded. 
(A. G., March 15, 1884.) 

14. Compulsory Education. — All children between 
eight and sixteen years of age are required to 
attend either a public or a private school at least 
twelve weeks every year, at least six weeks of which 
shall be consecutive. Children may be excused by 
the school board for the following reasons: (1) pov- 
erty; (2) weak mental or bodily condition; (3) instruc- 



SCHOOL HOLIDAYS. 13 

tion at home, subject to the public school examina- 
tions; (4) proficiency in the ordinary branches; (5) 
residence at a distance of more than two miles by 
the nearest traveled road. Persons having control 
of children and failing to comply with these pro- 
visions are subject to a fine of from ten to twenty-five 
dollars for the first offense and from twenty-five to 
fiftv dollars for every subsequent offense. (1894, § 
3778.) 

15» Yaccination. — Teachers and others having 
the control of minors or other persons are required 
by law to exert such authority as they can properly 
use to have such minors or other persons "so prompt- 
ly, frequently, and effectively vaccinated that such 
minor or individual should not take, or be liable to 
take, the small-pox." (1894. § 7069.) 

16. School Month.— In every contract between 
any teacher and the board of trustees or board of 
education, a school month shall be construed and 
taken to be twentv days or four weeks of five school 
davs each. (1894,^^ § 3695.) 

in reckoning attendance, all scholars enrolled are 
to be credited upon school holidays, whenever they 
occur within the school term, the same as if school 
had been held and all had been present. (Id., § 

3696.) 

17. School Holidays.— }so teacher is required to 
teach on Januarv 1st (New Years Day), February 
12th (Lincoln's Birthday), February 22d (Washing- 
ton's Birthday), May 30th (Memorial Day), July 
4th (Independence Day), the first Monday in 
September (Labor Day), the Tuesday next after 
the first Monday in November in even num- 
bered vears (General Election Day), Thanksgiving 
Dav or December 25th (Christmas Day). No deduc- 
tion from the teacher's time or wages can be made by 
reason of the fact that a school day happens to be 
one of these days, and any contract made in violation 



14 GRADED SCHOOLS. 

of this provision shall have no force or effect as 
against the teacher. (1894, § 3695; A. G., March 14, 
1888; Id., Sept. 11, 1893; 1895, chap. 352.) 

18. Graded ScJiools. — The term "graded schools" 
is used but not defined in the statutes. More 
than ninetj^-seyen per cent of the public schools 
in the state are taught each by one teacher; many of 
these one-teacher schools include pupils whose ages 
vary from fiye to twenty -one years and whose studies 
range from primary reading to algebra and English 
grammar. In a certain way, such schools may be 
graded; that is, an orderly classification of the pupils 
may be made, with reference to their proficiency 
and attainments. As the term is generally under- 
stood, howeyer, it applies to schools haying separate 
departments, each managed by a teacher of its own. 
The list of graded schools published by the depart- 
ment of public instruction includes only those haying 
three or more departments. The high school board 
has, in the exercise of authority conferred b}^ law, 
made certain regulations relating to "public graded 
schools." One of these regulations requires that the 
schools shall have "not less than three distinct de- 
partments," and "not less than three full-sized, cheer- 
ful, well-kept rooms." Graded schools are found in 
all classes of districts, special, independent and 
common. In the list of 120 "graded schools not in- 
cluded in the high school list" issued by the Depart- 
ment of Public Instruction, four are in special, fifty- 
six in indei)endent, and sixty in common school dis- 
tricts. 

hK Aid to Graded ScJiools. — The state high school 
board is authorized to grant state aid, to the 
amount of |200, "to any tillage or town public 
graded school beloAy the rank of high school, which 
shall pursue a course of study laid down by, or meet- 
ing the approval of, said board, and the work of 
which is deemed good enough in quality by that body 



GRADED SCHOOLS. 15 

to warrant such aid." The aid is not granted to any 
school having a state high school as part of its sys- 
tem. With the funds at the disposal of the board 
about forty schools can be aided. (1895, chapter 
183.) 

20. Regulations. — In order to secure the aid men- 
tioned in section 18, graded schools are required 
to conform to certain reguhitions issued by the high 
school board. The i)rincipal regulations are as fol- 
lows : 

1. The schools must hold sessions of not less than 
nine months in each year. 

2. They shall have not less than three distinct 
departments and at least three rooms. 

3. The course of study shall be essentially that 
presented for the eight grades below the high school 
in the high school manual. 

1. Tuition in the grammar school department 
shall be free to non residents, subject to entrance 
examination by the principal. 

5. The school shall be well supplied with library 
and apparatus. 

6. A class must be prepared each year for the 
examinations of the high school board in the com- 
mon branches. 

7. The principal shall hold a s]3ecial certificate 
granted by the high school board, which, in addition 
to promise of professional success, will require one 
of the following in evidence of scholarship : 

a. The college diploma of a reputable college or 
university. 

1). The advanced diploma of a state normal school. 

c. The diploma of a high school known for schol- 
arship and pursuing a full four years course. 

(I. A state certifi(-ate of the first or second grade. 

e. The diploma of pedagogy of the L^niversity of 
Minnesota, or of some other institution of equal rank. 



16 THE BIBLE: PRAYEE. 

21. Tlie Bible: Prayer. — In the state consti- 
tution it is provided : "Nor shall any man be com- 
pelled to attend, erect or support any place of wor- 
ship." The attorney general in commenting on 
this provision says: "In [Wisconsin] the supreme 
court * * * held that the reading of the scrip- 
tures in a public school was in violation of the con- 
stitution, in that it compelled one to support a place 
of worship. No distinction can in principle -be drawn 
between the opening of a school Avith prayer and the 
reading of the scriptures, so far as the question per- 
tains to the violation of the provision above named. 

* * * It is the purpose of the law of this state to 
permit no intrusion into our public schools of any re- 
ligious teachings whatsoever. They are to be kept 
purely secular in character and as j)laces where the 
children of parents of every shade of religious belief 
may assemble for purposes of instruction in author- 
ized subjects and incidental moral improvement. The 
judicious teacher will never attempt to institute 
such a practice in school against the wishes of the 
parents of his pupils. In view of the decision by the 
Wisconsin court [it is held] that the practice * * 

* is violative of the constitution." (A. G., Dec. 10, 
1895.) 



CHAPTER 11. 

STATE HIGH SCHOOLS. 

22. Defined. — A public school subject to the reg- 
ulations of and to inspection bv the high school 
board is a state high school. 

23. High School Board. — This consists of the gov- 
ernor, the superintendent of public instruction and 
the president of the state uniTersitv ex-officio. (1S94, 
§ 3865.) The board has power to establish rules re- 
lating to examinations, reports, acceptance of 
schools as state high schools, courses of study, and 
other proceedings under the law: to grant state aid 
to such schools as will, in its opinion, efficiently per- 
form the service required in the law; and to appoint 
a state high school inspector. The members of the 
board receive no salary. (1894, §§ 3868, 3869, 3870, 
3871.) 

24. State Aid. — Schools that have been accepted by 
the board and have complied with the law and the 
regulations receive aid from the state to the amount 
of flOO each. (1891. § 3868.) Eighty-six high schools 
received this aid in 1895. 

25. Conditions of becoming state high schools: 

1. The school must be a public graded school in a 
city, an incorporated villa.ge, or a township organized 
Into a district. 

2. It must admit students from any part of the 
state without charge for tuition; but non-resident 
pupils may be subjected (as a condition of admission) 
to an examination in spelling, reading, writing, arith- 
metic, grammar, geography. United States history, 
and elementary hygiene. This examination may be 

(17) 



18 HIGH SCHOOLS. 

given by the principal or other person designated by 
the board of education. 

3. It must have regular courses of study calcu- 
lated to fit students for entering the freshman classes 
of the state university. (1894, §§ 3S66, 38G7.) 

4. Its teachers must hold professional state cer- 
tificates. (See Chapter V.) 

2(>. Examinations. — On the last Monday in Janu- 
ary and the last Monday in May, examinations are 
held in all state high schools under the direction of 
the high school board. Students who pass these 
examinations receive certificates, and certificates in 
the required subjects admit them to the state uni- 
versity as well as to the state normal schools. 

High schools and academies not under the inspec- 
tion of the high school board and not receiving state 
aid may make application for inspection, and being 
accepted, shall be entitled to the privileges of schools 
of this class, and subject to no rule of the board ex- 
cepting that of final examination. 

Upon application from any county superintendent, 
it becomes the duty of the high school board to 
grant the right to take the high school examinations 
to the schools under the supervision of such super- 
intendent; provided, that he shall, under the super- 
vision of said board, establish a regular course of 
study, including at least the subjects of arithmetic, 
geography. United States history, grammar, civil 
government, and physiology. (1895, chapter IT.) 

Questions for the examinations described in this 
section are prepared and papers are examined under 
the direction of the president of the state university, 
whose special office on the board is that of "Ex- 
aminer." 



CHAPTER III. 

THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

27. The Jieacl of the state educational system is 
the University of Minnesota. A pupil who com- 
mences his course as a student in the common school, 
who passes in succession through the graded and 
the high school and who graduates from the uni- 
versity, receives all the state can bestow upon him 
in the line of academic training. He may then 
continue his education in the college of engineering, 
the college of agriculture, the college of law, the 
department of medicine or the department of peda- 
gogy, all of which form part of the universitv. 

28. Location, Etc. — The state university is lo- 
cated at Minneapolis. The total number of students 
in all departments in 1895 was 2,171. 



(19) 



CHAPTER IV. 

TEACHERS. 

29. Contracts. — The contract of a school teacher 
with a board of trustees must, to insure its validity, 
possess the following characteristics: 

1. It must be a written contract. (1894, § 3694.) 

Note. — ^WMle the statute requires written contracts and al- 
though verbal contracts are liable to result in trouble for both 
teacher and school board, a teacher whose contract was not 
reduced to writing might recover whatever compensation a 
jury finds to be just and reasonable. (S. P. I., Sept. 22, 1894.) 

2. It must be made pursuant to action at a meet- 
ing of the board called for the purpose of hiring a 
teacher or teachers. (1894, § 3694.) 

3. The teacher must, at the time the contract is 
made, possess a certificate that is in force, authoriz- 
ing him to teach in the district. (Id.) 

4. It must be made with one who is not '^related 
by blood or marriage to any member of the school 
board" unless it has "the concurrence of all the 
members of the board of trustees, by vote entered 
on the clerk's record of proceedings." (Id.) 

30. RiiUngs in regard to contracts: 

1. A teacher's contract extending beyond the life 
of his certificate is valid up to the expiration of the 
certificate, and may be legalized by renewal of cer- 
tificate at any time before said expiration. (A. G., 
Oct. 12, 1891.) 

2. A contract with a teacher properly made by 
a majority of the board, is an act of the board, and 
is binding. (Id., March 23, 1871.) 

3. A board of trustees may,, before annual elec- 
tion of school officers, contract with a teacher for 

(20) 



WAGES. 21 

five montlis of the ensuing school year, but no 
longer. (S. P. I., May 29, 1893.) 

Note. — ^After ainiual election (third Saturdar in July) bO'ards 
of trustees may legally contract with teachers for five months 
(the time during which school must be held to entitle the dis- 
trict to apportionment of current school fund), and for such 
longer time as the legal voters shall authorize at school meet- 
ing. 

31. Wages. — It is the duty of the clerk to draw 
orders on the district treasurer for the ]3ayment of 
teachers' wages, of the director to countersign or 
attest such orders, and of the treasurer to pay them 
when so drawn and attested. If there are no funds 
for the payment of any such order, it is the duty of 
the treasurer to indorse upon it a statement oyer 
his signature, showing the date of presentation 
and non-payment. Such order will thereafter draw 
interest at ten per cent until the treasurer notifies 
the clerk in writing that he is prepared to pay it. 
(1894, § 3711.) 

In case of absence, inability, or refusal of the 
clerk to draw authorized orders, they may be drawn 
by the director and paid by the treasurer. (Id., § 
3712.) 

Teachers must be paid out of the first moneys 
in the treasury for that purpose and before the pay- 
ment of any teachers for seryices rendered 
subsequently; and no money deriyed from 
the current school fund (apportionment) can legally 
be applied to any other purpose. District treas- 
urers who yiolate this proyision are personally liable 
to the teacher. (Id., § 3713.) 

A teacher is not entitled to payment for the last 
month of seryice until he has deposited with the 
clerk the school register properly kept for the term. 
(Id. § 3711.) 

32. Rulings relating to teachers' wages: 

1. A teacher may recoyer pay for full time if 
the school is closed by order of the board of trustees 



22 TEA.CHERS. 

or of tlie board of health, or if the closing is not due 
to any fault of the teacher, unless the district can 
show that, during the whole or a portion of the 
time, he was engaged in a similar employment or 
was offered such employment and refused it. (A. 
G., July 9, 1888.) 

2. Teachers' wages are not necessarily payable 
every month unless so specified in the contract. 
(Id., Jan. 24, 1884.) 

3. A teacher cannot collect pay for the services 
of an unqualified substitute. (S. P. I., Dec. 8, 1894.) 

4. "It is a rule of law that a parent is entitled 
to the earnings of a minor child unless released; 
and I know of no i^rinciple of law which would 
change this rule in the case of the earnings of a 
minor emploved as a school teacher." (A. G., March 
19, 1890.) 

33. Relation to Board, Pupils, and Parents.- — It is 
made the duty of each member of the board, at least 
once in each term, to visit the schools, and give such 
advice to the teacher as ma^^ be for the benefit 
of the schools, and they are intrusted with the gen- 
eral charge of the interests of the schools and 
schoolhouses in their districts, and are specially 
authorized to employ teachers having the requisite 
certificate of qualification. These are the principal 
provisions bearing upon the question under consid- 
eration, and they seem to leave no doubt that, with 
the single exception of the power of expulsion for 
the causes specified in the statute, the authority of 
the trustees over the interior management of the 
schools is solel}^ advisory in its character. The 
responsibility for the correct government and dis- 
cipline of the school, as well as the adoption of such 
methods of teaching as seem best calculated to pro- 
mote the advancement of the scholars in their sev- 
eral branches of study, rests solely with the teacher. 



CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. 23 

Of course, there ought to be, and always will be, a 
mutual interchange of Aiews, and a cordial co-opera- 
tion between teachers and trustees in all these mat- 
ters, whenever a regard is had to the important in- 
terests intrusted to their charge. The law pre- 
scribes what studies shall and what may be taught 
m our common schools; and in determining within 
this limit what particular study any pupil shall pur- 
sue, the teacher always ought to consult the wishes 
of its parent or guardian, and conform to them so 
far as practicable, having due regard to the present 
attainments and proficiency of the pupil and the 
general interests of the school. (A. G., Feb. 7, 1872.) 
It is for the teacher and not the school board to 
determine what book or books of a prescribed series 
shall be used by a pupil or class of pupils in school. 
(Id., Dec. 7, 1887.) 

A board of trustees and board of education may 
suspend or expel pupils for insubordination, im- 
morality or infectious disease. (1891, § 3697.) But 
a teacher may, in an emergency, temporarily sus- 
pend a pupil for one of these causes, reporting the 
case at once to the board. (A. G., April 15, 1885.) 

Corporal punishment is authorized in the follow- 
ing extract from the penal code: ^'To use, or at- 
tempt or offer to use, force or violence upon or 
towards the person of another is not unlawful * 
* * when committed by a * * * teacher, in 
the exercise of a lawful authority to restrain or 
correct his * * * scholar, and the force or vio- 
lence used is reasonable in manner and moderate in 
degree." (1891, § 6177.) 

M, Detalnmg Pupils after School. — The law does 
not prescribe the time for opening or closing school. 
If, in a teacher's judgment, it is necessary that a 
pupil should remain after the usual time of closing, 
in order to do work neglected in the regular school 



24 TEACHERS. 

hours, the right to do so is unquestionable. The 
teacher, however, should not ignore altogether the 
wishes of the parents in such cases. (S. P. I., April 
10, 1893.) 

35. Infectious Diseases, Etc. — "No principal, su- 
perintendent or teacher of any school * * * 
shall permit any child or minor having scarlet fever, 
diphtheria, small-pox, or any dangerous, infectious 
or contagious disease, or an^^ child residing in any 
house in which any such disease exists, or has re- 
cently existed, to attend any public or private school 
until the board of health * * * shall have given 
its permission therefor." (1894, § 7070.) Teachers 
are required by law to use such power as they 
possess to have the children under their control 
vaccinated so promptly, frequently and effectively 
that they shall not be liable to take the small-pox. 
(Id., § 7069.) But children cannot be excluded from 
school on the ground that they have not been vac- 
cinated. (S. P. I., Aug. 20, 1894.) 

36. Control of Pupils Outside of Scliool. — The au- 
thority of teachers and parents over pupils on their 
way to and from school is concurrent, and the courts 
have held that a teacher may call a pupil to account 
for Sinj conduct on the street or in any public place 
which is calculated to interfere with the discipline 
of the school. (S. P. I., Nov. 22, 1894.) 

37. Janitor Work. — "You inquire whether it is 
the duty of a school teacher to prepare kindlings 
and build the fires. While such provision might 
l)erhaps be inserted in the contract and be binding, 
yet in the absence of such provision in the contract, 
a school teacher is not required bv law to prepare 
kindling nor build the fires." (A. G., Oct. 17, 1889.) 

"Where it becomes necessary for the teacher to 
temporarilj' suspend the school for the reason that 
no provision has been made for heating the school- 



SUBJECTS TAU&HT. 25 

room, he being ready and willing to teacli, and 
thereby comply with his contract, * * * he 
would not be required to make up for such lost time, 
but might recoyer upon his contract." (A. G., Feb. 
16, 1875.) It is not always best, howeyer, for a 
teacher to insist upon all the rights to which he is 
entitled on a strict construction of the law. (S. P. 
I., Noy. 27, 1891.) 

38. TeacMng on Saturdays and Holidays. — By ar- 
rangement with the board of trustees, a teacher may 
teach on Saturdays in order to enable him to close 
his term at an earlier date. (A. G., April 20, 1888.) 

A teacher has no right to teach school on Satur- 
day in order to make up lost time, without permis- 
sion from the school board. "In eyery contract be- 
tween any teacher and a board of trustees, a school 
month shall be construed and taken to be twenty 
days, or four weeks of fiye school days each." (1894, 
§ 3695.) The law of custom requires that these fiye 
days shall be all the days of the week except Satur- 
day and Sunday, and as this is implied in the con- 
tract, both parties must consent to any change. 
With the permission of the board — but not without 
— ^the teacher may make up time on Saturdays and 
legal holidays. It would not usually, howeyer, pro- 
mote the best interests of the school to haye this 
done, as some of the pupils would probably be ab- 
sent on such days. (S. P. I., April 25, 1893, and 
June 23, 1894.) 

39. Suhjects Taught. — All school officers in the 
state may introduce as part of daily exercises of 
each school in their jurisdiction, instruction in the 
elements of social and moral science, including in- 
dustry, order, economy, punctuality, patience, self- 
denial, health, purity, temperance, cleanliness, hon- 
esty, truth, justice, politeness, peace, fidelity, phi- 
lanthropy, patriotism, self-respect, hope, perseyer- 
ance, cheerfulness, courage, self-reliance, gratitude, 



26 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

pity, mercy, kindness, conscience, reflection and the 
will. It may be the duty of the teachers to give a 
short oral lesson every day upon one of the topics 
mentioned above, and to require the pupils 
to furnish illustrations of the same upon 
the following morning. It shall be the duty of all 
teachers in public schools of the state to give sys- 
tematic and regular instruction in physiology and 
hygiene, including special reference to the effects 
of stimulants and narcotics upon the human system; 
and any neglect or refusal on the part of such teach- 
ers to provide instruction as aforesaid shall be 
deemed sufficient cause for annulling his or her cer- 
tificate by the county superintendent or other com- 
petent officer. (1894, §§ 3889, 3890, 3893.) 

Note, — Except as above indicated, tlie laws of Minnesota do 
not prescribe the subjects to be taug-ht in the public schools. 
The ultimate authority to determine what studies shall be pur- 
sued in a given school is in the school board. It may be as- 
sumed, however, that a teacher may not be required to give in- 
structions in branches other than those above named, together 
with those in which he is required to be examined for the 
grade of certificate he holds. 

40, English Language. — "In the schools of com- 
mon school districts, the books used and all instruc- 
tion given shall be in the English language; but 
teachers able to speak any other language that is 
the vernacular of any pupil, may use that language 
to aid in teaching the meaning of English words, and 
may also give instruction In such language not to 
exceed one hour in each day; but no such instruc- 
tion shall be given unless the trustees of such dis- 
trict have expressed themselves unanimously in 
favor thereof." (1894, § 3697.) 

41. Dealing in School Supplies. — Teachers who 
are interested in the sale of books, apparatus or 
furniture used in any school with which they are 
connected are liable to a fine of from fifty to two 
hundred dollars. (1894, § 3788.) 



CHAPTER V. 

TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 

42. By Whom Issued: Kinds. — Teachers' certiii- 
cates are issued by: 

1. The state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion, valid in all parts of the state, for two or five 
years or for life. (1894, §§ 3748, 3749.) 

2. The state normal school board, valid in all 
parts of the state for two years. (Id., § 3840.) 

3. A normal school president and the superin- 
tendent of public instruction, good in all parts of 
the state for five years or for life. (Id., § 3841.) 

4. County superintendents of schools, good in 
the county where issued. (Id., § 3747.) 

5. Boards of examiners in independent districts, 
good in the districts where issued. (Id., § 3810.) 

6. Superintendents or other authority in special 
districts under the provisions of special laws, good 
in the districts where issued. 

7. The state university, valid in all parts of the 
state for two years. (1895, chapter 181, § 1.) 

8. The president of the university and the super- 
intendent of public instruction, good for life. (Id., 
§ 2.) , 

These eight kinds of cercificates are further ex- 
plained in the following sections. 

A teacher who does not hold one of the above 
cannot make a valid contract with a board of trus- 
tees or a board of education. (Chapter IV., section 
29, subdivision 3.) 

43. Superintendent of Piiblic Instruction. — This 
officer is authorized: 

(27) 



28 CERTIFICATES. 

1. To approve the diploma held by a graduate 
of a state normal school of another state, making it 
valid in any district in Minnesota. (1894, § 3748.) 
The approval makes the diploma valid as a profes- 
sional state certificate. 

2. To issue professional state certificates to ''per- 
manent teachers of high character and broad schol- 
arship and who have a successful experience/' upon 
examination in the branches named below. (Note 
5 below.) (Id., § 3749.) 

3. To issue professional state certificates "with- 
out further examination" to "graduates of colleges 
and universities of good standing, who have re- 
ceived a certificate of the first grade in this state 
and who shall have taught in any public school in 
the state with ability and success for at least one 
year." (Id.) 

Note 1. — Tlie time limitations and the grading of the above 
are left to the judgment of the supenintendent of public instruc- 
tion. Under his regulations, normal school diplomas from other 
states are, on presentation, approved for two years. At the 
expiration of this time, the approval may be renewed, on rec- 
ommendation of a board consisting of the presidents of the Min- 
nesota normal schools, for tAVO or five years, or for life, accord- 
ing to success as a teacher. 

Note 2. — Circulars are sent by the superintendent of public 
instruction, on application, giving times, places and conditions of 
examinations for professional state certificates. 

Note 3. — The expression "colleges and universities of good 
standing" used in the law is interpreted as meaning institu- 
tions Avhich require a full four years' high school preparatory 
course, and in addition a full four years' college course,— in- 
stitutions whose requireu-ents for entrance and for graduation 
are as high as those of the University of Minnesota, Carleton 
Colleg-e, or Hamline University. 

Note 4. — Professional state certificates issued on examina- 
tion or tO' college or university graduates are of twO' grades: 

1. First grade, valid for two years, for five years, or for 
life. 

2. Second grade, valid for two years, for five years, or for 
life. 

The time depends upon age, scholarship, experience, success, 
character, etc., and cannot be regulated by precise rules. 

Note 5. — The papers written upon the regular state questions 
for a first-grade county certificate will be accepted for the sub- 
jects in section 1 below. 



DIPLOMAS. 29 

Section 1. Arithmetic, United States liistory, reading and 
elocution, English grammar, geography (physical, mathematical 
and political), with map drawing, theory and art of teaching, 
physiology, algebra, plane geometry, ciyil goyernment. 

Sec. 2. School economy, psychology, school law, his,tory of edu- 
cation, solid geometry, plane trigonometry, hooJc-leeping, general 
history, English literature, composition. 

Sec. 3. Rhetoric, political economy, moral philosophy, logic. 

Sec. 4. Physics, chemistry, geology, zoology, botany, astron- 
omy. 

Candidates for first grade professional state certificates are 
examined in all subjects named above, and are required to 
show a thorough understanding of all subjects in sections 1 
and 2 and of at least two subjects of their own selection in 
each of the sections 3 and 4. 

Candidates for second grade professional state certificates 
are examined in all subjects named above, and must receive 
satisfactory standing in (a) all subjects in section 1, (b) such 
subjects in section 2 as are printed in italics, (c) the elements 
of any two subjects in section 4 which the candidate shall 
choose. 

44. State H^ormal Board. — This body confers upon 
graduates of the normal schools diplomas which 
are ''valid as certificates of qualification of 
the first grade to teach in the public schools of the 
state * * * for * * * ^^^q years from date 
of graduation.^' (1S94, § 3840.) 

45. Indorsement of Diplomas. — "At the expiration 
of two years of actual teaching service, the diploma 
of such graduate may be indorsed by the president 
of the normal school from which it was issued, and 
by the state superintendent of public instruction, 
upon satisfactory evidence that such service has 
been successful and satisfactory to the suj)ervising 
school authorities under whom it has been rendered. 
Such indorsement shall make the diploma of the 
elementarj^ course a valid certificate for five years 
from its date, and the diploma of the advanced 
course a permanent certificate of qualification." (Id., 
§ 3841.) 

"Any count}' or city superintendent of schools 
under whose supervision such graduates may be 
employed shall have authority to suspend such cer- 



30 CERTIFICATES. 

tificates for causes duly shown, such suspension to 
be subject to the same approval as is provided in 
the case of certificates issued by such county or city 
superintendents." (Id., § 3842.) 

4(>. County Superintendents of schools are re- 
quired to hold, each spring and fall, meetings for 
the examination and licensing (i. e., issuing cer- 
tificates to) teachers. ''No certificate * * * 
shall be given by any county superintendent except 
upon 7m oion personal examination." (Id., § 3744.) 

"County superintendents shall examine persons 
proposing to teach common schools in the county 
in orthography, reading in English, penmanship, 
arithmetic, grammar, modern geography, history of 
the United States, and the practical, elementary 
facts of hygiene, asking questions to test the gen- 
eral knowledge of candidates and their ability jto— 
impart oral instruction relating to the subjects 
treated in the text-books. If satisfied that the can- 
didates are of goo4 moral character, and qualified 
to teach in all the aforesaid branches, certificates 
shall be granted, the grade of which shall be de- 
termined by the examination. County superintend- 
ents are authorized to issue three grades of cer- 
tificates, viz., first grade, valid in the county for 
two years; second grade, valid in the county for one 
year; third grade, valid in a given district only, for 
six months. County superintendents may renew 
certificates at their expiration by indorsement there- 
on. Provided, that in addition to the above 
branches prescribed in this section all applicants 
for first grade certificates shall be examined in ele- 
mentary algebra, elementary plane geometry, phys- 
ical geography, physiology, natural philosophy, civil 
government, and the theory and practice of teach- 
ing; and no person shall receive a first grade cer- 
tificate who has not taught with success at least 



REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATES. M 

one term of school not less than three months in 
length." (Id., § 3747.) 

A county superintendent may cite to re-examina- 
tion any person holding a license and under a con- 
tract to teach any common school in the county, and 
being satisfied, upon such re-examination, or other- 
wise, that such person is not of good moral charac- 
ter, or has not sufficient learning and ability to teach 
a common school, or if such person shall refuse or 
neglect to attend upon such re-examination, the su- 
perintendent shall revoke the license held by such 
person, filing in the office of the district clerk a 
statement that he has made such revocation, and 
shall deliver a copy thereof to the party whose 
license is revoked, and such revocation shall take 
effect and be in force from and after the filing of 
such statement, as aforesaid, and the teacher's con- 
tract with the district shall become void therefrom. 
Provided, that the wages of the teacher, for the 
time taught, and at the contract price or rate, shall 
be paid on or before the time at which it would have 
been due had the contract been continued in force. 
(Id., § 3753.) 

47. Boards of Examiners in independent districts 
may issue certificates as explained in section 7 of 
this book. These certificates may be permanent or 
limited in time, and may be renewed on expiration, 
in the discretion of the board of examiners. (S. P. 
I., May 19, 1893.) 

4:8. Department of Pedagogy. — The teachers' uni- 
versity certificate issued by the University of Min- 
nesota to graduates of the department of pedagogy 
shall be valid as a certificate of the first grade to 
teach in the public schools of the State of Minne- 
sota for a period of two years from the date of 
graduation. 

At the expiration of two years of actual teaching, 
the certificate of such graduate may be indorsed by 



32 APPEALS. 

the president of the university and the superintend- 
ent of public instruction upon satisfactory evidence 
that such service has been successful, and such in- 
dorsement shall make said certificate a permanent 
certificate of qualification; provided, that said in- 
dorsement may be canceled and its legal effect an- 
nulled by the superintendent of public instruction 
upon satisfactory evidence of disqualification. 
(1895, chapter 181.) 

49. Stimulants and Narcotics. — "l^o certificate 
shall be granted any person to teach in the public 
schools of this state * * * who has not passed 
a satisfactory examination in physiology and 
hygiene; with special reference to the effects of 
stimulants and narcotics upon the human system." 
(1894, § 3894.) 

Any neglect or refusal on the part of a teacher 
to provide systematic and regular instruction in 
physiology and hygiene, including special reference 
to the effects of stimulants and narcotics, is suf- 
ficient cause for annulling his certificate. (Id., § 
3893.) 

50. Appeals. — Any person feeling aggrieved by the 
decision of the county superintendent, after examin- 
ation, in refusing to grant a license or in refusing to 
grant a certificate of the grade applied for, may 
appeal to the state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion. 

The person desiring to appeal shall, within ten 
days after notice of such decision, serve on the 
county superintendent a notice of appeal from such 
decision, which shall specify the grounds upon 
which an appeal is taken. 

The county superintendent shall, within ten days 
after service upon him of a notice of appeal, trans- 
mit to the state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion a certified transcript of the examination of such 



CERTIFICATES. 33 

applicant, and stating the grounds upon which he 
refused to grant such license, and that an appeal 
has been taken from his decision. 

The state superintendent of public instruction 
shall, within ten days after receiving the transcript 
and notice, appoint a time and place of hearing, 
which shall be not less than six nor more than 
twenty days after receiving notice, and he shall 
notify the county superintendent of schools, and 
also the appellant, by mail, of the time and place 
fixed upon for hearing such appeal. 

The superintendent of public instruction, or such 
person as he may designate, at the time and place 
fixed upon by him as aforesaid, shall proceed to hear 
and determine such appeal, and his decision therein 
shall be final. 

Jf it shall be found, after hearing and an examina- 
tion, that the appellant is in all respects qualified 
to teach school in the grade applied for, he shall 
reverse the decision of the county superintendent 
and grant to such person such certificate as he shall 
be entitled to, or in the event that he shall find that 
the appellant is not entitled to any certificate, he 
shall so dec'de. An'd if he finds that the decision of 
the countj^ superintendent should be affirmed, he 
shall dismiss said appeal. (1805, chapter 182.) 
51. Rulings relating to teachers' certificates. 

1. A county superintendent may, for cause, sus- 
pend the operation of a normal school diploma of 
another state, which has become a state certificate 
by approval of the superintendent of public instruc- 
tion. (A. G., Dec. 11, 1894.) 

2. A certificate issued by the superintendent of 
public instruction in an appeal case cannot be an- 
nulled by a county superintendent. (Id., Oct. 28, 
1895.) 

3. Certificates cannot be arbitrarily revoked; 
causes must be stated. (Id., June 19, 1882.) 



34 GEIITIFICATES. 

4. A public school teacher who, in violation of 
law, teaches to his pupils the doctrines of any 
church, shows a lack of ability to teach which would 
authorize the revocation of his certificate. (S. P. 
I., April 12, 1894.) 

5. Indorsement by a county superintendent 
when certificate was issued m another county is 
not sufficient license. (Id., April IS, 1893.) 

6. County superintendents may use their own 
discretion as to giving private examinations. (A. 
G., Sept. 13, 1894.) 



CHAPTER YL 

EDUCATIOX OF TEACHERS. 

52. Normal *S'c/<oo?.s.— Tlie normal schools are es- 
tablished to educate and prepare teachers for the 
common schools of the state. They are designated 
and known, in the law, as the state normal school 
at Winona, the state normal school at Mankato, the 
state normal school at St. Cloud, and the state nor- 
mal school at Moorhead. respectiA'ely. (1894, §§ 
3833, 3834.) 

"There shall be established * * * a normal 
school to be known as the state normal school of 
Duluth, provided said city shall donate to the state 
a suitable tract - * * of land * * " for 
the location * * * of said school, within twelve 
months from the passage of this act." * * * 
Approved April 2, 1895. (1895, chapter 181.) 

53. State Normal School Board consists of nine 
members, viz., the superintendent of public instruc- 
tion e.T-ofpcio, and eight others appointed by the gov- 
ernor, one being appointed from each county in 
which a normal school is located. (1891, §§ 3835, 
3836.) 

The normal school board has general supervision 
and control of the normal schools and of their prop- 
erty. It is authorized to contract for the erection 
of buildings and to appoint teachers and professors. 
It is the duty of this board to prescribe courses of 
study and conditions of admission and to confer 
diplomas. It may adopt necessary rules and regu- 
lations, and it is charged with the duty of inspecting 
the schools under its charge at least once in every 

(35) 



36 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. 

term. The visit may be made by a committee. (Id., 
§ 8840.) 

54-. Tuition. — There shall be no charge for tui- 
tion or for incidental expenses to any student of any 
normal school who shall have filed with the presi- 
dent thereof a declaration of intention to engage in 
the work of teaching in the public schools of this 
state for not less than two (2) years after his or her 
connection with said school shall cease. The board 
may fix such rates of tuition for pupils in the model 
schools and for students not intending to teach as 
in their judgment may be equitable and just. (Id., 
§ 3845.) 

55. Model Schools. — The state normal school 
board shall have power to organize, in connection 
with each normal school, such model schools as they 
may deem expedient, for the illustration of the best 
methods of teaching and government. (Id., § 3844.) 

56. Support of Normal Schools. — The annual ap- 
propriation made by the legislature is |88,000. (Re- 
port S. P. I., 1894, page 6.) 

57. Department of Pedagogy in the state univer- 
sity. In this department, a course is provided for 
those who wish, by a more extended scholarship and 
a more systematic study of educati(tn, to prepare 
for positions of supervision and teaching in the 
departments of higher education. It is also for the 
general student who, in the home and in the state, is 
interested in the proper care, training and education 
of children and youth, and who is willing to give 
to this subject the same intelligent study that is 
accorded to other problems of history and sociology. 
Students completing the course prescribed receive 
the ''University Teacher's Certificate." This course 
is elective to juniors and seniors pursuing regular 
courses in colleges of science, literature, and the 
arts. It is also open to all graduates from the ad- 



NORMAL INSTRUCTION IN HIGH SCHOOLS. 37 

vanced course of the state normal schools of Minne- 
sota who have had one year's experience in teach- 
ing, and to all graduates of state high schools of 
the first and second classes who have had two years' 
experience in teaching. (Univ. Catalogue, 1894-95, 
pp. 93, 94.) 

58. formal Instruction in High ScJiools. — For the 
purpose of proTiding elementary normal instruction 
in the state high schools of Minnesota the sum of 
ten thousand (10,000) dollars is annually appro- 
priated. Whenever the board of education in any 
city or village in the State of Minnesota, in which 
there is a state high school, having a four-year 
course, and classes doing work in each of the four 
grades therein, shall provide in the senior year of 
their course for a review of the common school 
branches, geography, arithmetic, English grammar, 
United States history, and for instruction as to the 
best methods of teaching the said branches; and 
when the said board of education shall have notified 
the state high school board that the provisions of 
this statute have been fully complied with, it shall 
be the duty of the said high school board to have the 
said school examined by the state high school in- 
spector; and if upon said examination it shall ap- 
pear that the local school board having charge of 
the high school so examined, has fully complied 
with the provisions of this statute, the state high 
school board shall thereupon certify the facts to the 
state auditor; and the state auditor shall, at the end 
of the school year 1896, and upon the close of each 
succeeding school year, so long as the elementary 
normal instruction above described shall continue 
to be given in accordance with the provisions here- 
in set forth, issue his warrant upon the state treas- 
urer for the sum of five hundred (500) dollars in favor 
of the board of education having charge of the 
schools in whicli the above described w^ork is done. 



38 NORMAL INSTRUCTION IN HIGH SCHOOLS. 

Provided, however, that the state high school board 
shall certify each and every year to the work of each 
high school applying for aid under this statute be- 
fore the state auditor's warrant shall issue upon 
the state treasurer. 

No pupil shall be admitted to the state high school 
training classes provided for in this statute who has 
not completed and passed the examination of the 
state high school board in the following branches: 
English composition, civil government, physiology, 
elementary algebra, plane and solid geometry, three 
years' work in Latin language, or in the modern 
languages, or in lieu of the three years' work in 
Latin or the modern languages, one year's work in 
natural philosopln^ one year's work in general his- 
tory, one-half year's work in botany, and one-half 
year's work in physical geography or chemistry. 

The state auditor's warrant shall not be drawn 
in favor of any board of education until the end of 
each school year, and only upon the certificate of 
the state high school board, accompanied hj the 
certificate of the superintendent or principal of the 
school applying for aid under this statute to the 
effect that the teachers' training class in his school 
has numbered not less than eight pupils at any time 
during the current year. 

The board of education in any city or village in 
Minnesota applying for aid under this act shall em- 
ploy a special teacher to instruct the pupils in the 
teachers' training class, said teachers so employed 
shall be in addition to the number employed by the 
said board in its high school during the year next 
preceding the date of their application lor aid onder 
this act. Said special teacher shall be a regular 
graduate of the school of pedagogy of the Univer- 
sity of Minnesota, or the school of pedagogy of any 
other college of equal rank or of the advanced 
course of a normal school. 



TEACHEES' TRAINING SCHOOLS. 39 

For tlie purpose of tliis act and to carry out tlie 
provisions thereof the president of the board of di- 
rectors of the state normal schools shall be and is 
hereby made ex-offtcio a member of the state high 
school board. (1895, chapter 186.) 

59. Teachers^ Training Scliools. — The superintend- 
ent of public instruction is charged with the duty of 
organizing annually, as he may deem advisable with 
the assistance of county superintendents and the 
aid of skilled instructors, training schools for the 
benefit of teachers who purpose teaching in the 
schools of the state but are unable to attend a full 
course at a state normal school. They shall con- 
tinue at least four and not more than six weeks at 
each place. Xo charge is made for attendance. 
The average cost must not exceed one hundred dol- 
lars per week for a school of sixty persons. Twenty 
thousand dollars are annually appropriated for the 
expenses of instruction in these schools. (1891, §§ 
3721-3726.) About fifty such schools are held an- 
nually in the different counties in July and August. 

A teachers' training school for the state at large 
is held annually', in July and August, at the state 
university. It is organized under the authority of 
the de]Dartment of public instruction in the interest 
of the teachers of the high schools and the common 
and graded schools of the state. The instruction is 
given in two sections. (1) The university section 
provides for special and graduate work in several 
university subjects for teachers in high schools, and 
for others who wish, as students, to continue work 
in lines already begun. Instruction is given by 
members of the university faculty or under their 
supervision, and as the work is completed, credit is 
given upon the records of the university. All 
of the advantages of the laboratories, museums, 
and library of the university are open to the 
classes of this section. (2) The elementarv section 



40 TEACHERS' INiSTITUTES. 

provides for teachers of the primary and elementary 
grades in the study of common school subjects with 
a view of teaching them. These include arithmetic, 
grammar, history of the United States, physiology, 
botany, physics, music, penmanship, and special 
method courses with illustrative lessons. 

60. Teachers^ Institutes. — It is also the duty of 
the superintendent of public instruction to hold in 
the sparsely settled counties state teachers' in- 
stitutes continuing one week at least. The law 
provides that persons desiring a teacher's cer- 
tificate from the county superintendent of schools 
shall attend the teachers' institutes held in their 
counties, or present to the superintendent satis- 
factory reasons for not attending, before receiving 
certificates. Any school in session in a county 
where a state teachers' institute is held shall be 
closed on request of the teacher in order that he 
may attend. The trustees or the board of educa- 
tion in any school district may permit its teacher 
or teachers to attend teachers' institutes in the 
county for not more than two weeks each year and 
may continue their salaries while so attending. Seven 
thousand dollars are appropriated annually for the 
expenses of teachers' institutes. The county super- 
intendent may require the closing of any school in 
the county for a week, that the teachers may attend 
the institute; and the teacher shall be allowed to 
make up the time so lost upon presenting to the 
clerk of the district a certificate of the county super- 
intendent attesting said teacher's attendance. 
(J 894, §§ 3727-3732.)' 



CHAPTER VII. 

FREE TEXT-BOOKS. 

Gl. The Law. — Section 1. The board of trustees 
or board of education of each and everv school dis- 
trict in the State of Minnesota is hereby authorized 
and empowered to select, adopt or contract for the 
text-books needful for the use of the school or 
schools under its charge; and the said board of trus- 
tees or board of education shall have power to pur- 
chase the text-books selected or contracted for, and 
provide for the loan, free of charge, or sale at cost, 
of such text-books to pupils in attendance at such 
school or schools. 

ProTided, That no adoption or contract shall be 
for a period of less than three (3) years nor more 
than five (5) rears, during which time the text -books 
so selected, adopted or contracted for shall not be 
changed. 

Sec. 2. Before any publisher, or publishers, shall 
enter or attempt to enter into any contract for the 
sale of text-books, as herein provided, they shall file 
with the superintendent of public instruction of the 
State of Minnesota a list of their books, and the 
lowest prices at or for which they will sell any or 
all of such books to any board of trustees in the 
State of Minnesota, and they, the said publishers, 
shall deposit with the superintendent of public in- 
struction a sample copy of each book so listed, which 
shall represent in style of binding, mechanical ex- 
ecution, general make-up and matter the book or 
books they offer to sell to the board of trustees at 
or for the prices so listed, and in no case shall prices 
be raised above said listed prices as filed. 

(41) 



42 TREE TEXT-BOOKS. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the dut}' of the state superin- 
tendent of public instruction to furnish a certified 
copy of the list of books and prices filed, in accord- 
ance with the provisions of section 2 of this act, to 
the district clerk of each common school district in 
the State of Minnesota. 

Sec. 4. Whenever five or more legal voters of 
any common school district in the State of Minne- 
sota shall petition the board of trustees to submit 
to the legal voters thereof the question of providing 
free text-books to the pupils attending the schools 
under its charge, it shall be the duty of said board 
of trustees to call a meeting of the legal voters of the 
district, giving ten days' notice, which notice shall 
state that the question of free text-books will be 
submitted at such meeting. Such question may be 
submitted at any annual meeting, provided that 
notice shall have been previously given in accord- 
ance with the provisions of this section. In case a 
majority of the legal voters present and voting shall 
vote in favor of free text-books, it shall be the duty 
of the board of trustees to provide for the same. 

Sec. 5. All books purchased in accordance with 
the provisions of this act shall be paid for out of the 
school funds of the respective districts ; and it shall 
be the duty of the school districts and their school 
boards to see that sufficient funds are raised and set 
aside for the purposes of this act. (1894, §§ 3897- 
3901.) 

()2. Rulings relating to free text-books. 

1. Boards of trustees may provide books and 
levy tax to pav for them without a vote at school 
meeting. (A. G., June 27, 1893.) 

2. In a district where text-books are loaned free 
of charge, non-resident pupils may be required to 
pay for their books. (Id., Dec. 7, 1895.) 



CHAPTER VIII. 

LIBRARIES: DICTIONARIES. . 

63. Library List. — Tlie superintendent of public 
instruction and the presidents of the normal schools 
shall prepare lists of books suitable for school 
libraries, including books of reference, history, 
biography, literature, political economy, agriculture, 
trayel, and natural science. (1894, § 3715.) 

6-1:. State Aid. — Any school district haying pur- 
chased under this contract any one year a selection 
of books from the list prepared and recommended 
bv the state superintendent of public instruction, 
and haying proyided for their care a suitable book- 
case, and for their distribution by the appointment 
of a librarian and by the adoption of suitable rules 
and regulations, and haying forwarded a certified 
statement of the same through the county superin- 
tendent, with his indorsement, to the superintend- 
ent of public instruction the said superintendent of 
public instruction shall make requisition upon the 
state auditor for one-half the amount so expended, 
who shall issue his warrant in fayor of said district 
for said amount. Xo district can receiye more than 
twenty dollars upon the first statement, nor more 
than ten dollars upon any subsequent statement, 
and no more than one statement shall be made by 
any one district in any one school year. Each town- 
ship organization of schools is estimated as equal to 
four districts, and is entitled to a proportionate aid 
in the establishing of a school library. Wheneyer 
the county superintendent shall make report to the 
superintendent of public instruction, that upon sat- 
isfactory inyestigation he finds that the books of 
any district are not properly cared for or properly 
used, it shall be his duty to exclude or suspend such 
district from the benefits of this act. Districts 
haying more than one school building are estimated 

(43) 



44 libraries: dictionaries. 

as one district to each school building occupied, and 
are entitled to aid accordingly. (Id., §§ 3716, 3717, 
as amended 1895, chapters 85 and 86.) 
65. Rulings relating to school libraries. 

1. They may be kept at any convenient place se- 
lected by the school board. (A. G., Nov. 10, 1881.) 

2. State aid cannot be allowed for a preceding 
year in the case of a district that neglected to 
make an order or statement in such year. (S. P. I., 
Dec. 11, 1894.) 

06. WeJ)ster^s Dictionaries. — The superintendent 
of public instruction is authorized to furnish to any 
school district, or any school or district department 
thereof, in any city, village, or town, one copy of 
Webster's International Dictionary, on receipt of 
an affidavit of the district clerk, the school superin- 
tendent, or secretary of the board of education of 
such village, city, or town, that such school or de- 
partment has not yet been supplied under the pro- 
visions of this act, or that the dictionary heretofore 
furnished to said school or department has been 
lost or is unfit for use, and on payment in advance 
of the cost price to said superintendent of public 
instruction, and the superintendent of public in- 
struction is further authorized to sell at cost price 
to the state educational institutions, on a written 
requisition being made by the officer in charge of 
such institution, as many copies of Webster's Inter- 
national Dictionaries, not exceeding the number of 
school departments in the institution under his 
charge, as may be necessary for the educational 
purposes of the same; and the superintendent of 
public instruction is further authorized to furnish 
said Webster's International Dictionary at cost 
price to members of the legislature and state 
officers, not exceeding one copy to each such person. 
(1894, § 3736.) 

Niote. — The indexed dictionary is furnished for seven and 
a half dollars, and the unindexed for seven dollars per copy. 



CHAPTER IX. 

SCHOOL FUNDS. 

^ 67. Permanent ScJiool Fund. —Sections 16 and 36 
m eacii townsliip are scliool sections. (Organic Act 
§ 18, 1849.) The proceeds of the sales of these 
lands constitute the permanent school fund The 
principal of this fund ''shall forever be preserved 
inviolate and undiminished." (Const, of Minn., arti- 
cle 8, § 2.) A portion of the permanent school fund 
is loaned to counties and school districts in the state 
at five per cent per annum, to be used in the erection 
of county or school buildings. (Id., § 5.) This fund 
IS also invested in United States bonds and the 
bonds of several states. (1894, § 4005.) This fund 
now (1896) amounts to about |11,750,000. 

68. General School Fund.—This is principally 
made up from interest on school land contracts in- 
terest on state and United States bonds, and inter- 
est on county and district bonds (see section 67 

^o^JaL ^^'^ ^''''^^ ^^ ^^^^' amounted to about 
$090,000. 

69. Current Scliool Fiind.—Theve is annuallv 
levied upon all the taxable propertv of the state a 
tax of one mill on the dollar, genemllv known as 
the ''state one-mill tax.'' (1894, § S768.) The state 
one-mill tax yielded, in 1894, about |655,000. The 
state one-mill tax is added to the general school 
fund, and these two form the current school fund, 
(Id.) This amounted in 1894 to about |1,045,000. 
It is distributed among the schools of the state as 
explained in sections 72 and 74 below. 

70. Local One-Mill Tax.— As a further provision 
for the support of schools, there is levied an annual 

[45) 



46 SCHOOL FUNDS. 

tax of one mill on the dollar, l^nown as the local one- 
mill tax. This is paid into the county treasury and 
the amount collected in each school district is re- 
turned to said district. (1894, § 3768.) It amounted 
in 1894 to about |655,000. 

71. Special Taxes. — These are voted by the people 
of the districts at school meetings, such sums being 
raised as, together with the amounts received from 
the apportionment of the current school fund and 
the local one-mill tax, are deemed necessary to pro- 
vide for the various expenses of the districts. (1894, 
§ 3677.) The amount raised by special taxes for the 
support of schools in Minnesota was, in 1894, about 
11,560,000. 

Note.— Therefore, the amounts realized for the support of 
common schools in the state, in 1894, were as follows: 

Current school fund $1,045,000 

Local one-mill tax 655,000 

Special taxes 1,560,000 

$3,260,000 

72. Apportionment of the Current School Fund. — 
The state superintendent of public instruction 
makes an apportionment of the available current 
school funds in the state treasury, among the sev- 
eral counties of the state, on the first Monday in 
March and the first Monday in October, of each 
year, in proportion to the number of scholars be- 
tween the ages of five and twenty-one years who 
have been enrolled and have been in attendance 
forty days in the public schools, that have had at 
least five months of term within the year, by a 
qualified teacher, and have reported in accordance 
with the following provisions : 

Provided, first, that every teacher in the public 
schools of this state shall keep in a register fur- 
nished him b}^ the clerk of the district, a record of 
the names in full, and the number and daily at- 



APP0ETI0X2IENT. 47 

tendance Of scholars enrolled in tlie school, studvin^ 
and recitmg in the same and properlv belSnS 

under five or over twenty-one rears of age, and of 

b lolZ^'^^T^'f '"^'r ' ^^^ -g-^ter^shallalso 
De so kept as to show the names and the number 

of dars of attendance of all pupils between the^'es 
JJZr^ ''^■''' ^''^''^ ^^^^^'^^^ t^^ ^ges of 4h 
one jeaS:'' ^'^"' ^""^ ^''^^"'^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^V- 
ProTided, second, that everr teacher in the com 
mon districts in the state shall,; within ten davs af' ei^ 
the close of the first term in the school rear beoin- 

^PhLf P"^. ^'^' '"P^"' ^^ ^^^ superintendent" of 
schools for the county, on a blank prepared bv the 

tribntp7fi™''f 'f ' '^ P^^^^^^- i^^^^^^^^ction, and dis- 
tributed through the countj superintendent, and to 
the clerk of the district, bv returning the iC^ster 
the names in full of all scholars enrolled in this 
^^r^"^!^' ^^^-^ber of days each has attended 
checkmg with a cross (X) the names of all under five 
or over twenty-one rears of age, and of all who 
are charged tuition; and names so checked shall not 
be counted in the total enrollment upon which the 
current school fund is apportioned,, and within ten 
(lUj dars after the close of each succeeding term of 
the year upon a duplicate of the last preceding re- 
port for that district, he shall add the new names 
not enrolled in the preceding report, and in a sep- 
arate column report the number of dars each pupH 
has attended for the term of his report; all other 
questions on the blanks shall be accuratelr an- 
swered. 

Prorided, third, no clerk of any common district, 
under the superrision of the countr superintendent' 
shall issue an order to any teacher^on which p^r for 
the last month of serrice can be drawn, until he 
has eridence that the teacher's report to the countr 



48 CURRENT SCHOOL FUND. 

superintendent lias been returned, properly filled, 
and until the teaclier has returned to such clerk, as 
the term report required in this section, the register 
of the district, kept according to law ; nothing here- 
in contained shall prevent any teacher from recov- 
ering pay for his services, if it appears that his rec- 
ord has been kept, and the reports thereof made ac- 
cording to the provisions of this section. 

Provided, fourth, that in special and independent 
school districts, such blanks, furnished through the 
county superintendent of schools and requiring for 
the entire year the data that are required of com- 
mon school districts each term, shall be properly 
filled and returned to him within ten daj^s after the 
close of the last term in the school year, by the su- 
perintendent of such schools, or if there be no such 
officer, by the teacher of the highest grade in the 
school; registers in special and independent dis- 
tricts shall be kept, and reports of enrollments shall, 
be made as in common school districts, and the 
name of no scholar entitled to enrollment for ap- 
portionment shall be counted more than once in the 
district in anj year. 

Provided, fifth, children attending school any part 
of the year in another district than that in which 
their parents or guardians reside, shall not be 
counted for apportionment in such other district, if 
they are enrolled and entitled to apportionment 
within that year in the district where their parents 
or guardians reside. (1894, § 3759.) 

73. Hoiv the Apportionment Reaches the Counties. 
— It is the duty of the state auditor, when he re- 
ceives a certified copy of a semi-annual apportion- 
ment of the current school fund, forthwith to draw 
a warrant on the state treasury, payable to the order 
of the state treasurer, and to be applied by him 
on the payments due for state taxes in semi-annual 
settlements with each county named in such copy 



APPOETIONIIENT. 49 

of apportionment. If tlie amounts so apportioned 
to any county shall be larger than the amount of 
taxes paid to the state in such settlement, the state 
treasurer in such case, without delay, remits to the 
countv treasurer the excess of such apportionments. 
(Id,, § 3761.) 

74. Countij Auditor's Apportionment. — The au- 
ditor of each county, on the last Wednesday of 
March, and on the last Wednesday of October in 
each year, shall make apportionments of the money 
in the county treasury accruing from the current 
school fund, and from the liquor licenses, estrays 
and fines, as provided in this act. among the sev- 
eral school districts in the county in which schools 
have been taught fi\Q months within the year by 
qualified teachers; which apportionment shall be 
made upon the number of diif erent scholars between 
the ages of five and twenty-one years, lawfully en- 
rolled in each school and entitled to apportionment, 
as reported to him by the county superintendent of 
schools, and the county auditor shall transmit to 
the clerk of each district a copy of the apportion- 
ment of said district, and such money shall be used 
only in payment of teachers' wages, including board. 

Provided, first, that no district shall receive from 
the apportionment, in any given year, an amount 
greater than that appropriated by the district from 
its special tax and local one-mill tax, levied in that 
year. 

Provided, second, that no district shall receive any 
share of the apportionment of moneys accruing from 
liquor licenses unless all sums paid for such licenses 
in such districts are appropriated to the county 
school fund. 

Provided, third, that any district which for the 
first year after its organization shall have made pro- 
vision for a four months' school by the levying of 
a sufficient tax, and shall have begun and con- 



50 CUEEENT SCHOOL FUND. 

tinued a school for one montli, shall be entitled to 
its share in the first succeeding apportionment in 
proportion to the actnal enrollment of pupils be- 
tween the ages of five and twenty-one years, which 
enrollment shall be reported by the clerk, through 
the county superintendent to the superintendent of 
public instruction, and to the auditor of the county 
in which such district is situated; and these officers 
shall include such enrollment of scholars in the next 
succeeding apportionment. Such district shall also 
be entitled to a share in each subsequent apportion- 
ment for two years succeeding in proportion to the 
number of pupils who have been in actual attend- 
ance thirty days, on condition that the school is 
taught four months each year by a qualified teacher. 
(Id., § 3763.) 

75. Rulings relating to the apportionment of the 
current school fund. 

1. If a district has made ample provision for a 
school as required by law, it is eijtitled to appor- 
tionment if its failure to maintain the school is due 
to no fault of the district, as the prevalence of 
diphtheria. (A. G., July 9, 1888.) 

2. Pupils in evening schools may be reported for 
apportionment. (A. G., Jan. 4, 1882.) 

3. Pupils in a school not taught by a teacher 
having a certificate are not to be reported for ap- 
portionment. (A. G., June 1, 1889.) 

4. Citizenship or residence of parents does not af- 
fect apportionment. (S. P. I., Jan. 16, 1893.) 

5. A district in which the English language is 
not used in school is not entitled to apportionment. 
(S. P. I., Dec. 7, 1894.) 



CHAPTER X. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

76. Liquor Licenses.~lt is unlawful for county 
commissioners to issue a license to sell intoxicating 
liquors at a place outside of the corporate limits of 
any incorporated city, village, or borough and with- 
in a distance of fifteen hundred feet of any school- 

/i^'onf ""l ^""^ ^''^^''' ^^ independent school district. 
(1895, chapter 191.) 

77. Cigarettes, Etc.—'' Any person within this 
state who sells, gives to, or in any way furnishes 
any cigarettes, cigars or tobacco in anv form to any 
minor person who is a pupil or student In any public 
school or school supported wholly or in part by 
money raised by taxation in this state, shall be pun- 
ished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars (|50) or 
imprisonment in the county jail not more than 
thirty (30) days." (1895, chapter 192.) 

78. Child Lahor.—No child under sixteen shall 
tollow any occupation during school hours until he 
shall have attended school at least sixty days since 
his last birthday; and no such child who cannot 
read or write simple sentences in English shall be 
employed at any indoor occupation, except in vaca- 
tions of the public schools, unless he is a regular at- 
tendant at a day or evening school. If it appears 
to the court on any trial under this act that the 
labor of a child over twelve and under fourteen 
is necessary to the support of himself and family, 
and that such child can read and write in English^ 
the penalties provided in this act shall not apply. 

(51) 



52 CHILD LABOK. 

Any person emplojdng a child under sixteen shall 
keep on file a certificate from the city or town su- 
perintendent of schools or some member of the 
school board stating- that the child can read at sight 
and write legibly simple English sentences or that 
he is attending some day or evening school, or that 
he has been excused from such attendance because 
his labor is necessary for the support of himself or 
family, or that he has attended school sixty days 
since his last birthday. 

Every place where children are engaged in labor 
shall be subject to visitation by members of school 
boards. 

Parents, guardians, and employers who employ or 
permit the employment of children contrary to this 
act, or who make false statements relating thereto, 
shall be fined not less than twenty nor more than 
fifty dollars for each offense. (1895, chapter 171.) 

79. Educational Association. — The state printing 
commission is authorized and required to publish 
annually, as public matter, five thousand (5,000) 
copies of the proceedings of the Minnesota Educa- 
tional Association. The same to be distributed 
throughout the state by the executive committee of 
said association. 

Provided, that a copy of the proceedings of the 
said association shall be filed by the corresponding 
secretary or other officer of said association on or 
before the twenty-fifth (25th) day of February of 
each year with the secretary of state. (1895, chap- 
ter 190.) 



INDEX. 

[The figures refer to sections.] 

A oi 1 , Sections. 

Age, School -, -IP 

Aid to Graded Schools iq ^ 

Aid to High Schools 9?' ^q 

Aid to School Libraries ' ^5 

Appeals -^^ 

Apportionment of Current School' Fund 79 7^ 

Bible, Reading in School " AV 

Board, High School 2S 

Board, Normal School pry 

Board of Education . % 

Board of Examiners 7 q '4.7 

Board of Trustees ' 40 

Books, Free Text fji 'fi^ 

Books, Library '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 63-6' 

Certificates, Teachers'— ^ 

Appeals 5Q ^^ 

By Whom Issued '42 

County "/ 4g 

Department of Pedagogy * "" 43 

Independent Districts . .' 7 s 4.7 

Kinds of \\\\ ' *' ji 

Normal School Diplomas '.'. it 45 51 

Revocation of ' " * " ' 45' 51 

p, .^'^^ '• .■ V. '.v.v.v.v;;.8; 42-45 

Child Labor jo 

Cigarettes Etc V. ....'.'.'.'.".'! 77 

Classes of Districts 2 

Common School Districts ".'. 2 4 9 

Compulsoi-y Education *.'.'.'/ '."."" ' 14 

Contract with Teacher V.'. 9 * -^9 30 

Corporal Punishment .*.*.'.".. . . ' ' ' " ' 38 

Current School Fund '. .'.'.*..*.'.".*. ,.'69 * 72 75 

Department of Pedagogy V. .".".*.'. V. . .'.48' 57 

Dictionaries. Webster's Internationa! .'.*.'." ' gg 

Diplomas, Normal School— Minnesota 7, 44 45 

Diplomas, Normal School— Other States .'.43' 51 

Diseases, Infectious Etc '35 

Districts, Independent, Superintendent in \. .. . . . ^ 



54 INDEX. 

Districts, School— Sections. 

Classes of 2 

Commou School 2, 4, 9 

Independent 2, 4 

Special 2, 8 

Educational Association 79 

Education, Board of 4, 5 

Endorsement of Normal School Diploma 45 

English Language 12, 40 

Examinations in High Schools 26 

Examinations in Private Schools 26 

Examiners, Board of 7, 8, 47 

Expulsion of Pupils 12, 13, 83 

Foreign Languages in Schools 12 

Free Text Books 61, 62 

Funds — 

Curi^nt School 69, 72-75 

General School 68 

Local One-Mill Tax 70 

Permanent School 67 

Special Taxes 71 

State One-Mill Tax 69 

General School Fund 68 

G-raded Schools, Aid to 19, 20 

Graded Schools 18 

High Schools- 
Aid to 24 

Conditions of Becoming 25 

Examinations in 26 

Normal Instruction in 58 

State 22, 26 

High School Board 23 

Hiring Teachers 11 

Holidays 16, 17, 38 

Hygiene, Temperance 39, 49 

Independent Districts — 

Board of Education in ... 4, 5 

Board of Examiners in. . ; 7 

Certificates in i . 47 

Superintendents in 6 

Infectious Diseases 85 

Institutes, Teachers' 60 

Janitor Work by Teachers 37 

Labor, Child 78 

Language — 

English 12, 40 

Foreign in Schools 12 

Library, School 63-65 

Liquor Licenses 76 

Local One-MiU Tax 70 



INDEX. 55 

Sections. 

Meetings. School 10 

Model Schools 5,5 

Month, School .''."..*".,'". 16 

Morals Taught 39 

Normal Instruction in High Schools .............. 58 

Normal Schools — 

Diplomas 7. 44, 45. 51 

Location 52 

Purpose 52 

Support * * 56 

Tuition in 54. 

Normal School Board 5-^ 

One-:\Iill Tax- 
Local 70 

State* • (;■-) 

Pedagogy, Department of 4S, 57 

Permanent School Fund ' t*>7 

Prayer in School ■.>! 

Private Examinations 51 

Public Schools 1 

Punishment, Corporal ^3 

Pupils — 

Age 12 

Disorder Out of School 8, .18 

Keeping After School yi 

Suspension or Expulsion 12 

Ee-Examiuations 46 

Revocation of Certificates 46 

Saturdays, Teaching on 38 

School Age 1. 12 

School Funds- 
Current 69, 72, 75 

General 68 

Local One-Mill Tax 70 

Permanent 67 

Special Taxes 71 

State One-:^Iill Tax 69 

School Libraries 63-65 

School Meetings 10 

School Month 16 

Schools — 

G-raded 18 

Model 55 

Normal 52 

Teachers' Training 59 

Special Districts 2, 3 

Special Taxes 71 

State Certificates 8, 42, 45 

State One-Mill Tax 69 



56 INDEX. 

Sections. 

Stimulants and Narcotics 89, 4i> 

Subjects Taught '^ 

Superintendent in Independent District . 6 

Suspension of Pupils 1^, l^j ^^ 

Tax— 

Local One-Mill 70 

Special • 71 

State One-Mill 69 

Teasellers 

Contract witli 9, 29, 80 

Dealing in Books, Etc 41 

Hiring of 11 

Janitor Work 87 

Relations to Board, Pupils and Parents 8, 88 

Wages 81, 82 

Teachers' Oertiflcates— 

Appeals 50, 51 

By Whom Issued 42 

County 46 

Department of Pedagogy _ 48 

Kinds 42 

Normal School Diplomas 44, 45, 51 

Revocation of 46, 51 

Teachers' Institutes - 60 

Teachers' Training Schools 59 

Temperance Hygiene 39, 49 

Text Books 61, 62 

Tobacco, Sale of to Pupils 77 

Trustees, Board of 4, 9 

University — 

Department of Pedagogy 48, 57 

Location Etc 27, 28 

Training School for Teachers 59 

Vaccination 15, 85 

Wages of Teachers 31, 82 

Webster's International Dictionary 66 



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